Gerontology is the scientific study of the aging process, covering physical, mental, and social changes in older adults. Geriatrics focuses specifically on the medical care and treatment of diseases in old age. Aging is not merely a disease state, but a normal, progressive developmental stage of life. Nurses must distinguish between normal age-related decline and pathological conditions to provide effective care.
As the body ages, structural and functional reserves decline across all organ systems.
Older adults face major emotional transitions, including retirement, bereavement, and changing family roles. These life shifts can trigger feelings of isolation, anxiety, and depression. Maintaining cognitive engagement and social connections is vital for mental well-being. Nurses should actively listen to older patients and validate their life experiences to support emotional health.
Nutritional requirements change with age due to decreased basal metabolic rate and lower physical activity levels. However, micronutrient needs remain high.
Falls are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among older adults. Environmental hazards like poor lighting, loose rugs, and wet floors heighten this risk. Intrinsic factors include muscle weakness, impaired balance, and poor vision. Nursing interventions focus on clearing pathways, encouraging assistive device use, and reviewing medications that cause dizziness.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are significantly altered in older adults. Reduced hepatic blood flow and decreased glomerular filtration rate delay drug metabolism and excretion. Polypharmacy—the concurrent use of multiple medications—increases the risk of adverse drug reactions and toxic interactions. Nurses must perform regular medication reconciliations.
In Nigeria, care for the elderly has traditionally relied on extended family structures. However, urbanization and economic shifts are straining these support systems. Community health nurses must bridge this gap by coordinating home-based care and utilizing local religious and social groups. Holistic nursing embraces physical, cultural, and spiritual dimensions to improve quality of life.